India's National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched in 2019, aims to reduce particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) by 20-30% from 2017 levels by 2024. It has been largely ineffective as it focuses on urban centres. ​​The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas attempts to go beyond administrative boundaries. States like Uttar Pradesh are taking measures to move away from an urban-centric approach. But this is not enough.